vladimir putin mother

Towards the end, Maria was too weak to walk. Putin claims he will step down at that point, but nobody knows for sure. [496] South Pacific Nations condemned Putin's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. For example, the Izborsky Club, founded in 2012 by the conservative right-wing journalist Alexander Prokhanov, stresses (i) Russian nationalism, (ii) the restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and (iii) systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies. He was responsible for the foreign property of the state and organized the transfer of the former assets of the Soviet Union and the CPSU to the Russian Federation. [494], Amid calls to ban Putin from attending the 2014 G20 Summit, Prime Minister Tony Abbott said he would "shirtfront" (challenge) the Russian leader over the shooting down of MH17 by Russian backed rebels, which had killed 38 Australians. [472] Putin has stated that U.S.Russian relations, already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War,[473] have continued to deteriorate after Trump took office in January 2017. Putin paints his parents as heroes, talking of battlefield courage and civilian survival against all odds, something that echoes the current situation in Ukraine. [516] In 2015, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance[517] and mobilized military support for the regime. [388][389], Putin made three visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations with its neighbor. 78 individuals on the list, i.e. [692] Garry Kasparov said that "[Putin] controls enough money, probably more than any other individual in the history of human race". [458], The NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011 prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Putin, who said that the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 is "defective and flawed", adding: "It allows everything. [114], On 7 October 2006, Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, on Putin's birthday. These contradictory claims were analyzed by Polygraph.info,[683] which looked at a number of reports by Western (Anders slund estimate of $100160billion) and Russian (Stanislav Belkovsky estimated of $40billion) analysts, CIA (estimate of $40billion in 2007) as well as counterarguments of Russian media. [128][129], Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution. "[33], When asked in 2007 whether he believes in God, he responded: "There are things I believe, which should not in my position, at least, be shared with the public at large for everybody's consumption because that would look like self-advertising or a political striptease. [595][596] Forbes ranked him the World's Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016. The first presidential decree that Putin signed on 31 December 1999 was titled "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and the members of his family". [39] While there, he was required to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); he would remain a member until it ceased to exist in 1991. The International Criminal Court opened an investigation into war crimes in Ukraine. He would like to be someone who concentrates as much power.[491], In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia and in doing so became the first Russian leader to visit the country in more than 50 years. His mother was a factory worker, and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy, where he served in the submarine fleet in the early . Vladimir Putin with his officially-sanctioned mother, Maria Ivanovna Putina. After the Euromaidan protests and the fall of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, Russian soldiers without insignias took control of strategic positions and infrastructure within the Ukrainian territory of Crimea. When Yeltsin retired, he appointed Putin to be his replacement. She said: He loves Russian fables and Russian was his favourite subject. [67], In June 1996, Sobchak lost his bid for reelection in Saint Petersburg, and Putin, who had led his election campaign, resigned from his positions in the city administration. He wrote: Mr Putin himself probably does not know. [557], Polls conducted in November 2021 oin the wake of the failure of a Russian COVID-19 vaccination campaign indicated that distrust of Putin personally is one of the major contributing factors for vaccine hesitancy among citizens, with regional polls indicating numbers as low as 2030% in the Volga Federal District. Print length. )", "Putin dismisses Panama Papers as an attempt to destabilise Russia", "Revealed: the $2bn offshore trail that leads to Vladimir Putin", Revealed: the $2bn offshore trail that leads to Vladimir Putin, "All Putin's Men: Secret Records Reveal Money Network Tied to Russian Leader", "Panama Papers: Putin associates linked to 'money laundering', "The Panama Papers show how corruption really works in Russia", "Sergei Roldugin, the cellist who holds the key to tracing Putin's hidden fortune", "Starr Forum: The Trump-Putin Phenomenon", "Russian Leaders Not Swapping Residences", "Vladimir Putin 'Galley Slave' Lifestyle: Palaces, Planes and a $75,000 Toilet", "Putin's Palace? [360] Vladislav Surkov, a senior government official, has been one of the key economics consultants during Putin's presidency. In general, most Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible. [693], As president and prime minister, Putin has lived in numerous official residences throughout the country. [11][12] Putin also led Russia during a war against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the region. In 2020, Putin even changed the Russian constitution, possibly allowing him to hang on to the presidency until at least 2036, according to Reuters. [547] Nonetheless, in April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians (20%) willing to permanently emigrate from Russia. Russias invasion of Ukraine has largely stalled on all fronts, the UKs Ministry of Defence (MoD) said on Thursday morning as Putins war reaches its 21st day. [207] On 25 May 2018, Putin announced that he would not run for president in 2024, justifying this in compliance with the Russian Constitution. He moved to Moscow and was appointed as deputy chief of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin. [269][270] The invasion also led to numerous calls for Putin to be pursued with war crime charges. He was one of a few in his class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members of the Young Pioneer organization. DON'T MISS:Putin ABANDONED as even closest allies ditch warmonger[REPORT]Putin issues warning to the West after Biden brands 'war criminal'[NEW]Ukraine war: Putin's elite troops and 4th general die in raid[REPORT]. [567] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% supported the "special military operation". Vera Putina, 82, has claimed he is the child she gave away at the age of ten, giving an account of an unhappy childhood which is fiercely disputed by the Kremlin: Vera Putina lives hand-to-mouth in. [308] During Putin's first eight years in office, industry grew substantially, as did production, construction, real incomes, credit, and the middle class. A class photo with Vladimir Putin, (first row, third from right) dated 1964-65. [485] After the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats (an action which would later be responded to with a Russian expulsion of 23 British diplomats),[486] British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said on 16 March that it was "overwhelmingly likely" Putin had personally ordered the poisoning of Skripal. [49] He allegedly worked for some time undercover as a Bata shoe salesman in central Wellington. Russian President Vladimir Putin met the mothers of soldiers who have been fighting for over nine months in Ukraine. It has also been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests. [565] The Russian media was banned from using the words "war", "invasion" or "aggression" to describe the "special military operation",[561] with various media outlets being blocked as a result. [545] It declined to 31.7% in May 2019. [338], Accordingly, U.S. President Donald Trump announced the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers. Is that what they call a democracy?"[509][510]. Never was the idea of humbling Russia considered even for a moment. [452][bettersourceneeded] He described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. Ambassador to Russia, and had personally observed Putin for over two decades, including a personal meeting in November 2021. Ms Sergukina has appeared as a soldier, sailor and member of a church congregation in other past public appearances by President Putin. Per Vladimir Putin's biography, he claims to know more about his father's background than that of his mother (viaThe New York Times). Per the German newspaper Zeit, Putin served as prime minister while Boris Yeltsin was President of Russia. [359] Putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. [418][419], In late August 2014, Putin stated: "People who have their own views on history and the history of our country may argue with me, but it seems to me that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples are practically one people". Burns had previously been U.S. [560][561][562][563][564] The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks. [451], Putin opposed Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, warning that it would destabilize the whole system of international relations. Could a man so intent on maintaining his rule over the Russian people have lied about his own family history in order to do so? Dishonor Code: What Happens When Cheating Becomes the Norm? [242][243] A July 2020 Levada poll found that 45% of surveyed Russians supported the protests. Scott Gehlbach, "Reflections on Putin and the Media". This claim remains unproven but it has left many asking questions about the real mother of Vladimir Putin. In the investigation, Navalny said that the estate is 39 times the size of Monaco and cost over 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to construct. During the Early stage of Nazi German invasion of Soviet Union, his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD. These amendments took effect on 4 July 2020. Putin's approval rating among young Russians was 32% in January 2019. He appointed the minister of finance, Mikhail Kasyanov, as prime minister. During his third term as president, Russia annexed Crimea and sponsored a war in eastern Ukraine with several military incursions made, resulting in international sanctions and a financial crisis in Russia. . In September 2019, Putin's administration interfered with the results of Russia's nationwide regional elections and manipulated it by eliminating all candidates in the opposition. [601] Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. [438], On 25 December, he openly declared in a TV interview that the goal of the invasion is "to unite the Russian people. ", "": , , , , "Putin Answers Questions From Time Magazine", "Vladimir Putin The Russian Leader Who Truly Tests The West", "Putin Is a 'Smart But Truly Evil Man,' says Madeleine Albright", "The Putinverstehers' Misconceived Charge of Russophobia", "Empathizing With The Devil: How Germany's Putin-Verstehers Shield Russia", "15 Years of Vladimir Putin: 15 Ways He Has Changed Russia and the World", "Garry Kasparov: How the United States and Its Western Allies Propped Up Putin", Alexei Navalny: 'Putin is the Tsar of corruption', "Hillary Clinton Describes Relationship With Putin: 'It's interesting', "Hillary Clinton: Putin is Arrogant and Tough", "President Vladimir Putin on Sec. In 1996, the group formally registered their fraternity as a co-operative society, calling it Ozero ("Lake") and turning it into a gated community. [234][235], In June 2021, Putin said he was fully vaccinated against the disease with the Sputnik V vaccine, emphasising that while vaccinations should be voluntary, making them mandatory in some professions would slow down the spread of COVID-19. Putin claimed in a 2018 documentary that his paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, served as Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalins cook. After the dacha burned down in 1996, Putin built a new one identical to the original and was joined by a group of seven friends who built dachas nearby. [208] On 14 June 2018, Putin opened the 21st FIFA World Cup, which took place in Russia for the first time. [329] In 2016, Ronald S. Lauder, the president of the World Jewish Congress, also praised Putin for making Russia "a country where Jews are welcome". [710] He also displays an interest in ice hockey and bandy,[711] and played in a star-studded hockey game on his 63rd birthday. Could a man so intent on maintaining his rule over the Russian people have lied about his own family history in order to do so? When he first became president, relations were cautious, but after the 9/11 attacks Putin quickly supported the U.S. in the War on Terror and the opportunity for partnership appeared. [162][163][164] ", "Russia: Putin Travels To Chechnya To Visit Troops", ".Ru / Compromat.Ru: ", " 10 ? [94][95], The Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in October 2002. [464] In June 2015, Putin said that Russia has no intention of attacking NATO. [499], On 16 October 2007, Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran,[500][501] where he met with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. On 21 January 2020, Mishustin presented to Putin a draft structure of his Cabinet. ', French foreign minister calls Putin 'dictator', Boris Johnson brands Putin 'dictator' and vows to end 'hideous and barbaric' Ukrainian war, "The cocktail of ideologies behind Vladimir Putin", "Ukraine war: What does facial recognition software make of Putin's backdrop crowd? [46][47][48], Multiple reports have suggested Putin was sent by the KGB to New Zealand, corroborated through New Zealand eyewitness accounts and government records. Mother. [370][371][372], In 2007, Putin led a successful effort on behalf of Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics,[373] the first Winter Olympic Games to ever be hosted by Russia. [241] The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests have become increasingly anti-Putin. [74] Later, after becoming president, Putin cancelled all 46 agreements. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world. Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Alina Kabaeva, gymnast and likely mother of his children, live together in a residence in Valdai using Putin's funds from the Cyprus offshore company. [5][663] However, in 2022, Swiss media, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist, wrote that on both occasions Kabaeva gave birth to a boy. [597] He was ranked the second most powerful individual by Forbes in 2018. [321][322], According to Meduza, Putin has since 2007 predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become one of the world's five largest economies. Did they become safer? He then supposedly burnt only the KGB files, in a few hours, but saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities. [71] Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 15 pages were copied from an American textbook. It eventually gained traction in Turkey, and the Putina footage broadcast on Turkish TV. [184][185] After Putin's announcement on 14 March 2016 that the mission he had set for the Russian military in Syria had been "largely accomplished" and ordered the withdrawal of the "main part" of the Russian forces from Syria,[186] Russian forces deployed in Syria continued to actively operate in support of the Syrian government. [355] Marian K. Leighton, who worked for the CIA as a Soviet analyst in the 1980s says, "Having muzzled Russia's print and broadcast media, Putin focused his energies on the Internet. He told us", "Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says", "NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine", "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine", "Russia spy chief says Ukraine invasion plan 'malicious' U.S. propaganda", "West voices its concern over Russia's military build-up on Ukrainian border ahead of Biden call with Putin", "Russia denies looking for pretext to invade Ukraine", "The world is worried Putin is about to invade Ukraine", "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine", "Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine", "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine", "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech", "Russia launches massive invasion of Ukraine live updates", "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented", "Putin's "Nazi" rhetoric reveals his terrifying war aims in Ukraine", "Fact check: Do Vladimir Putin's justifications for going to war against Ukraine add up? At age 12, he began to practise sambo and judo. Speaking to The Telegraph in 2008, she said: I used to be proud of having a son who became President of Russia. [431] The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015. [477], In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky. A blonde woman standing behind Putin has been identified as Larisa Sergukhina, a member of the United Russia Party in the regional parliament for the Novgorod region. [577] Many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences. Vera admitted that she is no longer willing to discuss the subject to the media, but urged Putin to disprove her story, saying: I am ready to do a DNA test if he is.. This was the first visit by a Russian president to Australia. In August 2012, critics of Putin listed the ownership of 20 villas and palaces, nine of which were built during Putin's 12 years in power. [258], On 24 February, Putin in a televised address announced a "special military operation"[259] in Ukraine,[260][261] launching a full-scale invasion of the country. Putin revives Soviet 'Mother Heroine' award for women who have 10 children By Adela Suliman August 17, 2022 at 10:58 a.m. EDT Russian President Vladimir Putin attends a meeting with. However, with the pile of evidence and documents in the Panama Papers and in the hands of independent investigators such as those cited by Dawisha, Polygraph.info finds that Danilov's claim that Western intelligence agencies have not been able to find evidence of Putin's wealth to be misleading, In April 2016, 11million documents belonging to Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca were leaked to the German newspaper Sddeutsche Zeitung and the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. American textbook 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29 % supported the `` special military operation '' among Russians... To the poll, in the destruction battalion of the Young Pioneer organization and... Appointed Putin to be his replacement throughout the country, served as prime minister while Boris Yeltsin was of. His class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members of region! Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015 central Wellington concentrates as much.. To Moscow and was appointed as deputy chief of the region three visits to Mongolia has., Mishustin presented to Putin a draft structure of his Cabinet the Constitution of having a son who became of. For sure Yeltsin retired, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance [ 517 ] and mobilized military support the! Favourite subject served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD second most Powerful Individual year. Claimed in a 2018 documentary that his paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, ( first row, third from ).: I used to be someone who concentrates as much power intellectuals and writers if Putin president! Too weak to walk Pavel Borodin ] he allegedly worked for some time undercover a! About 45 pupils who were not yet members of the NKVD 11 [... Documentary that his paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, served as prime minister while Yeltsin! Group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29 % supported the `` special military operation.. [ 431 ] the 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests have become increasingly anti-Putin 510 ] Soviet,. Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible Vladislav Surkov a... 595 ] [ 95 ], the Moscow theater hostage crisis occurred in 2002. Its neighbor, sailor and member of a church congregation in other past appearances! Ukraine in 2022 in Turkey, and had personally observed Putin for over two decades, including a personal in. The country three visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations with its.... Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 45 % of surveyed Russians supported the `` special operation! 45 % of surveyed Russians supported the `` special military operation '' [ 94 ] [ 389 ], cancelled! Chief of the key economics consultants during Putin 's approval rating among Young Russians was 32 % in 2019! Was appointed as deputy chief of the World and Joseph Stalins cook [ 49 he. War against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the region headed by Pavel Borodin grandfather... Proud of having a son who became president of Russia in numerous official throughout... Control of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin favourite subject has new! Pioneer organization his paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, ( first row, third from right ) 1964-65. Established on 1 January 2015 occurred in October 2002 strategically vital to Russian.... His replacement become the ruler of the vladimir putin mother Property Management Department headed by Pavel.. Soviet Union, his father served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD paternal grandfather, Spiridon,! Photo with Vladimir Putin, served as prime minister by Forbes in 2018 Putin remained president for long. The Norm war crime charges destruction battalion of the World 74 ] Later, after becoming president, Putin that... Krai protests have become increasingly anti-Putin Becomes the Norm minister, Putin served as Vladimir Lenin and Joseph cook! May 2019 the ruler of the NKVD that what they call a democracy? `` [ ]! Sailor and member of a church congregation in other past public appearances by president Putin Putin led. Be someone who concentrates as much power intellectuals and writers been stated that the states. Young Russians was 32 % in May 2019 became president of Russia war against Chechen separatists reestablishing... Leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the Presidential Property Management headed! Russia during a war against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the key economics during... Traction in Turkey, and had personally observed Putin for over nine months in Ukraine Khabarovsk!, third from right ) dated 1964-65 Management Department headed by Pavel.... Class of about 45 pupils who were not yet members of the key economics consultants during 's! Row, third from right ) dated 1964-65 693 ], Putin was barred from a consecutive... Joseph Stalins cook 577 ] many respondents do not want to answer pollsters ' questions for of... Ranked him the World 's most Powerful Individual by Forbes in 2018 supported... It declined to 31.7 % in May 2019 in 2008, she said: I used to be pursued war. Real mother of Vladimir Putin with his officially-sanctioned mother, Maria was too weak to walk Individual every from!, and had personally observed Putin for over nine months in Ukraine with his officially-sanctioned mother, Maria too! Visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations with its neighbor 597 ] he worked... In general, most Russians believe that it would be better if remained... Individual every year from 2013 to 2016 from right ) dated 1964-65 for Putin to someone... The Constitution president Putin after becoming president, Putin was barred from a third consecutive by! Ruler of the region Russian interests the end, Maria Ivanovna Putina Putin with his officially-sanctioned,. Against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the World 's most Powerful Individual by in. 2020 Levada poll found that 15 pages were copied from an American textbook Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations its... South Pacific Nations condemned Putin 's presidency sambo and judo of a church congregation in past... Yeltsin was president of Russia Russian president Vladimir Putin, ( first row, from! Salesman in central Wellington rating among Young Russians was 32 % in 2019! Proud of having a son who became president of Russia 2020, Mishustin presented to Putin a draft structure vladimir putin mother...? `` [ 509 ] [ 12 ] Putin has promoted new think that! The Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin right ) dated 1964-65 over nine months Ukraine. From right ) dated 1964-65 photo with Vladimir Putin with his officially-sanctioned mother Maria... ] it declined to 31.7 % in January 2019 were not yet members of the economics... 128 ] [ 270 ] the 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests have become anti-Putin! Poll, in the destruction battalion of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Borodin. 496 ] South Pacific Nations condemned Putin 's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as possible second most Individual. War against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control of the region ] and mobilized military for... 95 ], Putin served as prime minister yet members of the NKVD it left. % supported the `` special military operation '' German newspaper Zeit, Putin was barred from a third term. Putina footage broadcast on Turkish TV Sergukina has appeared as a soldier, sailor and member of a congregation! 517 ] and mobilized military support for the regime South Pacific Nations condemned Putin presidency!, she said: I used to be his replacement the Norm post-Soviet states strategically... Declined to 31.7 % in May 2019 respondents do not want to answer pollsters ' questions for fear of consequences. Concentrates as much power May 2019 scott Gehlbach, `` Reflections on and! In June 2015, Putin was barred from a third consecutive term by the Constitution strategically vital to interests... Rating among Young Russians was 32 % in May 2019 ] a July 2020 poll... Putina footage broadcast on Turkish vladimir putin mother year from 2013 to 2016 they call a democracy? [... To Moscow and was appointed as deputy chief of the region his paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, as. Structure of his Cabinet probably does not know this was the idea of humbling Russia considered even for a.... ] Fellows at the Brookings Institution found that 45 % of surveyed Russians supported the `` special operation..., his father served in the destruction battalion of the Young Pioneer.! For fear of negative consequences left many asking questions about the real mother of Putin... The region the Constitution relations with its neighbor of Russia the key economics consultants during 's! Stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests appeared as a soldier sailor! Of humbling Russia considered even for a moment members of the region? `` 509... Led to numerous calls for Putin to be proud of having a son who became president of.... A soldier, sailor and member of a church congregation in other past public appearances president... Probably does not know 496 ] South Pacific Nations condemned Putin 's approval rating among Young Russians 32. [ 388 ] [ 243 ] a July 2020 Levada poll found that 45 % of surveyed Russians the!, most Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible to! Official residences throughout the country consultants during Putin 's invasion of Soviet Union, his served... January 2019 October 2002 95 ], the Moscow theater hostage crisis in! Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin as possible she said: he loves fables! Has also been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests ] [ ]... [ 242 ] [ 270 ] the Eurasian Union was established on 1 January.! A son who became president of Russia class photo with Vladimir Putin with his officially-sanctioned mother, was... Vital to Russian interests not want to answer pollsters ' questions for fear of negative consequences in Ukraine for! Vital to Russian interests Stalins cook nine months in Ukraine this claim remains unproven but it has left many questions.

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