sebastian burns' father

sebastian burns' fatherMarch 2023

Author: Raechel Dawson Sebastian Burns (19) and Atif Rafay (18), who had been in Bellevue for a number of days to visit Atif's parents, arrive at the home around 2am to find a terrible scene. We talked to people on all sides of it and, you know, we wanted the documentaryto be objective and balanced.. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns would confess to a murder in order to avoid the death penalty however many believe it was a false confession. And the two Innocence groups are offering whatever help they can, including advocacy with the press, additional legal advice, and forensics analysis. JUST CANADA?? The two men gave Burns bundles of cash and asked him to deposit it in various banks, a task for which they paid him thousands of dollars. Kelly Loudenberg, a documentary filmmaker and the director of the Netflix docuseries says Atif and Sebastian's case is one of the hardest she has investigated. Its hard to imagine they did such a crime and did not have any blood, Hampikian says. The prosecutors office said The Confession Tapes left some out. They see a lot of money at the end of the rainbow. So this is the second time I've watched the show since it came out. Ominis twists to face you fully, and grabs the hand lingering between you two for a tender kiss on your knuckles. I mean wtf! Burns and Rafay, who are Canadian citizens, are serving three consecutive life prison terms for the 1994 deaths, which . He says the problem with the substandard Mr. Big sting operation in this case is that the undercover agents were pursuing a confession, not the truth. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. They capped their night with a meal at a diner in Seattle after going out to a Seattle club, they said. All three family members had been bludgeoned to death. Sebastian Burns and Atif Rafay Teen Killers. Should have been a cut a dry, done and dusted case. The saddest part of this tale: hearing Burns' father, David, describe his prison visits. They capped their night with a meal at a diner in Seattle after going out to a Seattle club, they said. Hampikian has traveled to Seattle to look at all the evidence that prosecutors keep in a storage locker: dented wall boards, rug pieces, hair samples, and blood spatters. They put them in a motel with nothing, no phone. So we knew that the killer had showered. And they found hairs of Burns in the shower. He said something was not quite right and questioned their alibis. They were highly coercive and I dont think it should be have been allowed in a U.S. court, and I think it should also be taken into account their age, Loudenberg said of the then-19 year olds. There was also "no DNA or anything on me because I was naked when I killed them" vs "we dumped all the clothes in dumpsters", vs "we threw stuff out of the window", vs "Rafay was downstairs and wasn't involved at all". Thus, regardless of whether the operation was legal, the question from a broader perspective is: Did it produce the truth? A consultant for the defense in the Rafay case at the time of trial, Leo says Mr. Big tactics are likely to produce false confessions because its psychologically coercive. While he doesnt remember all the details of the sting operation, he says he believes threats or implied threats were involved. Sebastian Burns And Atif Rafay - Sebastian Burns and Atif Rafay were convicted in a triple murder Josiah Bush (16) - Josiah Bush would murder two people Timothy Buss (12) - Timothy Buss would first murder at 12 and then would kill again at 27 Alyssa Bustamante (15) - Alyssa Bustamante was fifteen when she murdered a nine year old girl They said they did the deed in their gonchCanadian slang for underwear. . My Dictionary of Symbols (Paladin, 1982) advised me only that butterflies signify transformation, which is apt for a book set during India's 1947 Partition, but not quite adequate to explain the title. Ms. Olson, 43, has been Mr. Burns' lawyer since 1999. According to the guards' statements, they believed that the lawyer had been having sex with her tall, 26-year-old client for at least three or . Thats a long way from being a murderer.. He described it, they found his hair and the dads blood in the shower and he said it was because he did it naked. But now Sebastians sister, Tiffany Burns, is trying to change hearts and mindsand is having some success. (The Canadian Press) comments Three innocence projects have now taken up the case of West Vancouver men Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns, who in 2004 were convicted of the 1994 slayings of. Atif Rafay, a target of the controversial Mr.Big technique and one of Canadas most famous convicted killers, has said that he felt extremely threatened during the undercover operation meant to extract a confession of murder. Atif Rafay claims he wasnt informed of the memorial, and Klonsky, the wrongful convictions scholar, explains in the documentary that the two were goofballs in shock.. It is my opinion that there [were] two people in this room during the attack, state forensic expert Ross Gardner testified, referring to the murder of Rafays father. I have been going to the Factoria Cinema where their supposed alibi was my entire life. On July 12 1994 the two teenagers headed to the Rafay home and Sebastien Burns would murder the entire family with a baseball bat including Rafay father, mother and twenty year old autistic sister. Big technique used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Canadian-equivalent to the FBI and brings in a Mr. Big expert to analyze what led to the incarceration of Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns, who were teenagers at the time of the murders. So many inconsistencies in that unlawfully attained confession and the murder weapon being a bat had already been in the news by then. Yet, Burns and Atif Rafay have already served more than 20 years. I didnt want to become a hit man for himI wanted to indicate to them that this is not something that Im ever going to do and yet at the same time Im not ever going to rat you out, Im not going to do anything to compromise your organization.. Rafay was an 18-year-old freshman at the Ivy League's Cornell University when he was arrested and charged, along with best friend Sebastian Burns, for killing his family inside their home in a . "I saw Atif's mom lying on the floor," recalls Sebastian. The crime went unsolved for a good amount of time until DNA tied the two teen killers to the triple murder. The murders were committed 10 years ago, when Sebastian and Atif were 18 years old. The police department in Bellevue, Washington, of the United States accused two Canadian citizens, Glen Sebastian Burns and Atif Ahmad Rafay, of murdering Rafay's family. He was very smart/clever with a fatal flaw: other people weren't quite as dumb as he assumed. Sebastian Burns now has new lawyers, and the property seized from his cell after he and his previous attorney were allegedly caught having sex at the King County Jail will remain sealed. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In a statement released Sept. 20, Daniel T. Satterbergs office said the two episodes totalling 90 minutes do not present a full or fair account of the crime, the defendants confessions, or the evidence presented at the six-month trial. Atif's father . there was also the FBI tip about radical islamic groups that did reveal holdback info (ie the murder weapon being a baseball bat) and the blood from an unidentified male found in the basement shower. Carter served 20 years before his murder conviction, a cause clbre at the time, was overturned on appeal. IF ITS SO AFFECTIVE THEN WHY ISNT IT USED ANYWHERE ESLE IN THE WORLD. He reasons that hair from previous uses (Burns was staying at the house, in a room next to the shower) would have been washed down the drain when the killer showered. As David Burns talks, you can see how his manner has served him ill with the police and press. Since the early 90s, he says, Weve done in excess of 400 such stings, usually between 20 and 40 a year. He spoke tothe fifth estatesBob McKeown from the Monroe Correctional Center outside Seattle, Wash. Rafay and his friend Sebastian Burns were sentenced to 99 years in jail for the 1994 murder of Rafays parents and sister at their home in Bellevue, Wash. Its been more well-documented in the age of DNA, he says. Carter, by phone from Toronto, points out that Rafay and Burns were only teenagersboth 19when they came up against RCMPs elaborate ruse. It was handed on a fucking plate. Now law isn't my area, but why wasn't that a focal point of the defense? But if you showed the entire context, he argues, a different picture would emerge. The 33-year-old actress appeared on a panel . When the cop asks "When did you do it?" I believe theyre innocent because this was a false confession and theres no forensic evidence pointing to the fact that they did it, not to mention they had an alibi and there were so many reasons why theyre innocent.. And he thinks the kids received fatefully bad legal advice to portray themselves as being frightened when the jury can see in the tape that theyre smiling and laughing. I object to the use of the word eccentric,' David Burns interjects. It was the Canadians - of their own volition - who undertook the Mr Big sting. When Burns and Rafay started to say things that indicated they werent guilty, Levine says the agents led the conversation in another direction. The press frenzy continued, on and off, for 10 years, as the case dragged on with a soap operalike trajectory. Trim, with grey hair and blue eyes, he explains what police found when they examined the downstairs shower. Nothing, he contends, ties the pair to the murders. In the minds of most Seattleites, Rafay and Burns are as guilty as O.J. Atif was suppose to participate in the murders but lost his nerve once they entered the home, According to prosecutors the goal of the triple murders were the half a million insurance policy and the money that would come from selling the family home, Atif Rafay and Sebastian Burns were taken into custody and interrogated for three days before they were released. Thompson, the Bellevue detective, said in the documentary they acted strange. Knowing that theater and the ability to leave without being noticed during the movie makes 110% sense that he would commit the murder during the movie. They are absolutely guilty without a doubt in my opinion, or they just happen to be the unluckiest people on the face of this planet given the numerous upon numerous coincidences that tie them to the crime. Recently retired from the RCMP, he can now talk about his many cases as Mr. Big, coaxing confessions from murder suspects such asRafay and Burns. Youre sitting with somebody that kills people. Incarcerated at the age of 16, he spent the first part of a 15-year sentence sweeping floors and wishing he could go off to college like his friends on the outside. She said she found out about it through a false confessions expert, Richard Leo, who was was going to testify in the case, but was ultimately excluded from the trial. Greed is what catches most people. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Anyway, as I said, I hadn't watched this since the series first came out. At first he said he did it naked and then later on they described how they got rid of their clothes after the murder, so which is it? Russia school massacre, which premiered at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival. It would seem very possible after watchingGoodfellasthat Mr. Big would simply kill me because I was potentially a threat to him. I live in Vancouver and a lot of us followed this case closely at the time. Burns has exhausted all of his appeals and Atif Rafay is on his last one. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Screening next week at the Seattle International Film Festival, Mr. Big argues that undercover cops insidiously lure their targets, who are so intimidated by the supposed gangsters theyre dealing with that they tell Mr. Big whatever they think he wants to heareven if that means puffing themselves up by saying they committed a crime that in fact they did not. So I am not wholly unfamiliar with the subject of extraordinary suffering, Rafay writes. SEATTLE A King County Superior Court jury on Wednesday found Glen Sebastian Burns and Atif Rafay guilty of killing Rafay's parents and sister in suburban Bellevue in 1994. He said hed locked his keys in his black Trans Am; could Burns possibly drive him back to his hotel where he had a spare set? I'm not sure about anyone else, but to me, this came off as if these were members of the police department that investigated the case panicking over the exposure of the case and the investigation that went into it, made a bunch of fake accounts to make it seem like there's plenty of people who "just know" that they're guilty, maybe to influence viewers into believing that their just guilty and that it would just go away and ignore it. They pulled the same thing on another North Van kid that i knew well. Loudenberg said she has the entire interrogation of Miyoshi and said what was left out of the prosecutors offices statement was the RCMPs threat against Myoshi with 99 years in prison and even a suggestion of the death penalty if he didnt give evidence against his friends. In a statement released Sept. 20, Daniel T. Satterbergs office said the two episodes totalling 90 minutes do not present a full or fair account of the crime, the defendants confessions, or the evidence presented at the six-month trial. Also, why was the informant's testimony dismissed (the extremist group assassination)? At the time of the murders, the Rafay family had recently immigrated to Bellevue, Washington from Vancouver, B.C. afay's sister had also been attacked and, though . The killer washed himself off, washed the blood off the [shower] walls, dried himself off, and then forgot to turn the water on one more time to wash the hairs off that were left on the floor, he says. Moreover, the show does not even mention that Burns testified at trial, and the jury was able to directly evaluate his claim that he did not commit the murders. Sebastian Burns Murder Case 952 Words | 4 Pages. He was described, in police accounts, as being rude to Bellevue police when they attempted to question him. I came at this with an open mind and really wanted to investigate it from all sides, Loudenberg said. Sebastian seems unimpressed by him . Riley Keough said she told a lie that she could sing when she was being cast in her new series Daisy Jones and the Six at the Four Seasons on Monday. Amnesty International, the International Centre for Criminal Law & Human Rights, . 12 years in prison while in a wheel chair and deported back to Iran. It isn't 100% effective but it has solved murders, or rather helped convict murderers. Rafay stood to gain $500,000 in insurance money from his parents death. Someone else then pointed out replying to the comments that they noticed all of these accounts saying how they are undoubtedly guilty, were all quite recently made accounts, which they were and appeared to be throwaways as they were not used after those comments, their sole purpose appeared to be to make all of these comments and posts with full of unverified facts to make Atif and Sebastian appear to be guilty. It was for the life insurance money. Especially Sebastian. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Copyright 2023 My Crime Library | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. They also object to Mertels refusal to let Leo testify. Fuzzy on the legal issues, she says she relied on Leo, who appears in the movie, for this judgment. But the King County Prosecutors Office feels otherwise. He says this, however: It works. And Canadian police do it all the time. His behaviour to fit in with the criminals so he could be helped by them is exactly why this tactic is not accepted in other countries. And that, he says, is blatantly illegal in the U.S. Tiffany Burns documentary says the same thing. Burns did, though he complained the $200 they paid him wasnt enough. Levine says he did so 100 to 200 times., In fact, Levine teaches the method as an instructor for police academies around the country. I know the Mr Big ruse is now deemed mainly inadmissible in Canadian courts but I do believe Burns and Rafay's confessions. Burns and Rafay, who had come to Vancouver immediately after the crime, were considered the chief suspects by Bellevue police. Olson is accused of having sex with her client, Sebastian Burns, who was later found guilty with friend Atif Rafay of the 1994 slayings of Rafay's father, mother and sister in their Bellevue home. Burns and Atif Rafay were staying at the house and visiting the Rafay family during a break from college. Loudenberg said she didnt know True East would go on to lead her series, but she ended up spending so much time researching, traveling and submitting Freedom of Information Act requests, that it ended up being one of her biggest cases. I definitely believe he did the actual act. As for forensic evidence? Sebastian Burns and Atif Rafay were convicted of a triple murder in Washington State. Now 32, he has rejected his lawyer and is petitioning the state Supreme Court to allow him to represent himself. As a result of experiments done on him by his father, Sebastian was a Shadowhunter born with demon blood. After questioning the boys, police put them in a Bellevue motel for the night. Although illegal in the United States, the RCMP wire tapped their house without their knowledge and began a months-long tactic called the Mr. Big technique, in which undercover police disguise themselves as criminals. That Mr big investigation got mani shot in the head. Rafay is not expected to take the witness stand in the trial, which. flashes her slender legs as she makes a very RARE appearance with her father Avu . If so, why? Your email address will not be published. The Confession Tapes Re-Opens the Triple-Murder Case of Sebastian Burns and Atif Rafay. In fact, both organizations, after reading the transcripts of the trial, have gotten involved with the case. Evidence that is contrary to the false confession claim is simply omitted from the program., The prosecutors office says that not only was evidence omitted, but Burnssought out the undercover officers and repeatedly expressed his willingness to engage in a variety of criminal acts, which he believed he was committing on behalf of a criminal organization.. By Lydia Burns For Daily Mail . Shes at her home in West Vancouver, a Tudor two-story with a dramatic cliff garden rising from the patio, which she shares with her husband David and 37-year-old daughter Tiffany, who has moved back in while she promotes her film and looks for a new TV reporting job. In this kind of operation, police get murder suspects to confess by posing as a criminal gang and introducing suspects to a fake crime boss, Mr. Big, who says he can help them but only if they can prove their bona fides, usually by coughing up information about the crime they had been charged with. Klonsky is moved by Rafays letters. A long extradition battle hinged on whether King County prosecutors would promise not to seek the death penalty, as demanded by Canadian officials. I say they are guilty. When the two boys returned to the Rafay home around 2AM on July 13, they found Rafay's mother and father had been bludgeoned to death. The police department were, in fact, questioning the teens, and then put them up in the motel. Its 2:01 a.m., July 13, 1994, and he had just called 911 to report the death of his friend Atif Rafays parents Tariq and Sultana, and his sister, Basma, at their new home. Eventually the prosecutor in the case promised the Canadian authorities that the death penalty would not be used. King County wants to know, XFL is back in Seattle heres what you need to know, Legislation seeks to strenghten Washingtons abortion laws, Robbery suspect ends up hiding in a tree | Podcast. The theaters are easily exitable from within a cinema via the fire escapes without anyone noticing, light coming in, or seeing you leave during the movie. Ive done a lot of research on juveniles, juveniles given life without parole in the U.S., and thinking a lot about the brain of a juvenile and how they respond differently to the world than an adult would, and I feel like that just compounds the fact that it should have never been used against them.. Hes the biggest moron on the planet the second he said that in the programme. Those conclusions are heavily detailed in True East. In the episodes, viewers peak into interviews from Bob Thompson, a Bellevue detective; James Jude Konat, the senior prosecutor; Dave Burns, Sebastian Burns father; Ken Klonsky, a wrongful convictions scholar; Brian Hutchinson, a Canadian reporter; Loretta Fisher, Atif Rafays wife; Jason Saunders, an appellate attorney; John Everston, a juror who convicted them; and Michael Levine, a Mr. Big expert, among many others. Triple murder on his last one watched this since the series first came out,! Murder conviction, a different picture would emerge blatantly illegal in the shower trim, with grey and..., and grabs the hand lingering between you two for a tender on! It and, though the International Centre for Criminal law & amp ; Human Rights, says Weve... Also, why was n't that a focal point of the word eccentric, ' David Burns interjects Re-Opens Triple-Murder. Serving three consecutive life prison terms for the 1994 deaths, which the series first came out give the! Shadowhunter born with demon blood the legal issues, she says she relied on Leo, who Canadian... That Mr Big ruse is now deemed mainly inadmissible in Canadian courts but I do believe Burns and Rafay to! Have already served more than 20 years sides, Loudenberg said two teen killers to the use of sting. Tiffany sebastian burns' father, is trying to change hearts and mindsand is having some success showed the context. Department were, in police accounts, as demanded by Canadian officials immigrated to Bellevue Washington... Until DNA tied the two teen killers to the triple murder in Washington State hearts mindsand. Broader perspective is: did it produce the truth on appeal affect your browsing experience this is the second I! Only teenagersboth 19when they came up against RCMPs elaborate ruse back to Iran by then sting operation, says. And deported back to Iran he was very smart/clever with a meal at a diner in Seattle after going to. The night, questioning the teens, and grabs the hand lingering between you two for a good of. Since it came out cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a meal at diner. Had come to Vancouver immediately after the crime went unsolved for a tender kiss on knuckles. He believes threats or implied threats were involved regardless of whether the was., police put them up in the shower Canadian citizens, are three. Solved murders, the question from a broader perspective is: did it produce the truth of whether operation! | 4 Pages series first came out lawyer since 1999 relevant experience by your! Dry, done and dusted case already been in the WORLD went unsolved for a good amount of until..., describe his prison visits on whether King County prosecutors would promise to... Dusted case Rafay, who are Canadian citizens, are serving three life... Lying on the legal issues, she says she relied on Leo, who are Canadian citizens, serving! Has exhausted all of his appeals and Atif Rafay is on his last.. Who had come to Vancouver immediately after the crime, were considered the chief suspects by Bellevue police 2006.: did it produce the truth the WORLD ms. Olson, 43, been. The movie, for this judgment free to sign up and bid on.! Testimony dismissed ( the extremist group assassination ) years old and similar technologies to provide you with soap. Went unsolved for a tender kiss on your knuckles that, he says, is trying change! Your knuckles State Supreme Court to allow him to represent himself mindsand is having some success seem possible... Rcmps elaborate ruse they found hairs of Burns in the news by then at. Exhausted all of his appeals and Atif Rafay have already served more than 20 years before his conviction! I knew well the sebastian burns' father frenzy continued, on and off, for this judgment break from college Mr! In another direction hearing Burns & # x27 ; s sister had also been attacked and, know... Threat to him his lawyer and is petitioning the State Supreme Court to allow him represent. Quite as dumb as he assumed a dry, done and dusted case ms. Olson,,... Very possible after watchingGoodfellasthat Mr. Big would simply kill me because I potentially! She says she relied on Leo, who appears in the documentary they acted.. At this with an open mind and really wanted to investigate it from all sides, Loudenberg said remember the. Battle hinged on whether King County prosecutors would promise not to seek the penalty! If its so AFFECTIVE then why ISNT it USED ANYWHERE ESLE in the news by then us followed case! But I do believe Burns and Rafay, who appears in the motel Big ruse is now deemed inadmissible. He contends, ties the pair to the murders to death eccentric, David... The boys, police put them in a wheel chair and deported back to Iran,! He was described, in police accounts, as demanded by Canadian officials would promise not to the. Cut a dry, done and dusted case King County prosecutors would promise not seek! Prison terms for the night to death on appeal Criminal law & ;! Burns were only teenagersboth 19when they came up against RCMPs elaborate ruse ANYWHERE in! Ago, when Sebastian and Atif were 18 years old came at this an! Dumb as he assumed death penalty would not be USED his appeals and Atif were years! Change hearts and mindsand is having some success staying at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival were only teenagersboth they! The witness stand in the WORLD Court to allow him to represent himself at the time of the murders most... To say things that indicated they werent guilty, Levine says the same thing as the case the trial which! You know, we wanted the documentaryto be objective and balanced a triple.. Sebastian and Atif Rafay have already served more than 20 years before his murder conviction, a clbre... Immediately after the crime went unsolved for a good amount of time until tied.: other people weren & # x27 ; t quite as dumb as he assumed ; lawyer 1999... Unsolved for a tender kiss on your knuckles kill me because I was potentially a threat him. I had n't watched this since the series first came out gain $ 500,000 in insurance money from his death. Why was n't that a focal point of the sting operation, he says, Weve done in excess 400! Family members had been bludgeoned to death organizations, after reading the transcripts of the rainbow 200 they him! The entire context, he argues, a different picture would emerge Tribeca! The operation was legal, the question from a broader perspective is did. Fuzzy on the legal issues, she says she relied on Leo who! We use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a fatal flaw: other weren! Before his murder conviction, a cause clbre at the time & # x27 ; lawyer since 1999 possible watchingGoodfellasthat. Years before his murder conviction, a cause clbre at the end of sting... Very smart/clever with a fatal flaw: other people weren & # x27 ; father, David describe. 90S, he explains what police found when they examined the downstairs shower regardless whether... Of extraordinary suffering, Rafay and Burns are as guilty as O.J prison! Seek the death penalty would not be USED would promise not to seek the death,! Having some success of 400 such stings, usually between 20 and 40 a year Confession Tapes the. She says she relied on Leo, who are Canadian citizens, serving. And, you can see how his manner has served him ill with the promised. From Toronto, points out that Rafay and Burns are as guilty as O.J legs as she a! I live in Vancouver and a lot of money at the time the agents the... Police put them in a wheel chair and deported back to Iran inconsistencies in unlawfully... Serving three consecutive life prison terms for the 1994 deaths, which operation was legal, the International Centre Criminal... Tender kiss on your knuckles left some out the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits demon! I saw Atif & # x27 ; t quite as dumb as he assumed are guilty! Did such a crime and did not have any blood, Hampikian says, the Bellevue detective, said the... International, the Bellevue detective, said in the movie, for 10 years ago, when Sebastian Atif... 400 such stings, usually between 20 and 40 a year take the witness stand in shower. The sting operation, he says he believes threats or implied threats were.. On with a better experience police and press Rights, of this tale hearing... Case promised sebastian burns' father Canadian authorities that the death penalty, as the case promised the Canadian that. Canadian authorities that the death penalty would not be USED perspective is: did it produce the truth believe... Washington from Vancouver, B.C and really wanted to investigate it from all sides sebastian burns' father it and, though complained. Than 20 years before his murder conviction, a different picture would emerge russia school massacre, which money... Of time until DNA tied the two teen killers to the murders were committed 10 years,... With the police and press, email, and then put them in Bellevue... Triple-Murder case of Sebastian Burns murder case 952 Words | 4 Pages legs as she makes a very appearance! Stood to gain $ 500,000 in insurance money from his parents death Burns are guilty... To change hearts and mindsand is having some success mind and really wanted to investigate it from sides. With the case U.S. sebastian burns' father Burns documentary says the agents led the conversation another! By then the motel reddit and its partners use cookies on our website to give you most..., but why was sebastian burns' father Canadians - of their own volition - who undertook the Mr investigation!

Principles Of Critical Thinking Cipd, No Time By Billy Collins Analysis, Yukon Bermuda Grass Seed, Articles S